Title
Advanced ballistic materials: a comprehensive review of natural and synthetic fiber composites for body armor applications
Authors
AROOJ SHAHID, MUMTAZ HASAN MALIK, TAYYAB NAVEED, MUHAMMAD UMAIR, IMRAN AHMAD KHAN

Received December 28, 2025
Published Volume 60 Issue 5-6 May-June
Keywords ballistic protection, fiber composites, natural and synthetic fibers, hybrid composites, body armor systems

Abstract
Body armor plays a crucial role in modern defense and law enforcement, offering lifesaving protection against ballistic threats. With the growing complexity of threats and the demand for improved wearer mobility, research has shifted toward optimizing materials for higher strength-to-weight ratios, enhanced energy absorption, and flexibility. This review comprehensively examines advancements in both natural and synthetic fibers used in soft and hard ballistic armor systems. Focus is given to their mechanical properties, structural configurations, and the incorporation of novel technologies, such as hybrid composites. The role of fabric architecture, surface treatments, and fiber-matrix adhesion in enhancing energy absorption is also discussed. The article concludes with future directions for the development of multifunctional, lightweight, and eco-friendly ballistic protection systems using emerging material technologies.