Title
Exploring eco-friendly application of Jashir (Prangos ferulacea) and pomegranate (Punica granatum) based binary mixture as natural dye for cotton dyeing
Authors
UMAIRA BILAL, SHAHID ADEEL and SHAHNAZ PRVAEEN KHATTAK

Received September 25, 2025
Published Volume 60 Issue 5-6 May-June
Keywords cellulosic dyeing, color fastness, CCD, eco-friendly coloration, natural dyeing, sustainable textiles

Abstract
The reuse of agro-waste materials as a source of sustainable dyes is a global demand for the textile and allied industries. This study appraises the dyeing performance of a binary extract from Jashir leaves (Prangos ferulacea) and pomegranate peel (Punica granatum) onto cotton fabric. A central composite design consisting of 31 experiments was developed using Design-Expert software, and the experimental results were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. Eco-friendly chemical mordants and bio-mordants were applied before, after, and during the dyeing of the cotton. It was found that the binary extract at pH 11, obtained from 8 g of powder after microwave (MW) treatment for up to 4 min at 80 °C for 35 min, with 2 g/100 mL of salt, gave excellent colour strength. The evaluation of fastness properties revealed that using the optimum values of the variables, the binary mixture has the potential to furnish colorfast shades.